Oregon Court of Appeals 11-04-09
by: Abassos • November 3, 2009 • no comments
Read the full article for details about the following new cases:
- Stop - Restraint of liberty / Fruit of the poisonous tree
- Criminal Mistreatment I - Withholding of Necessary and Adequate physical care
STOP - restraint of liberty / fruit of the poisonous tree
Facts: While on other business in a porn store, an Officer asks for our youthful defendant's ID - to see whether the porn store owner has committed a crime by allowing underage kids into the store. Defendant voluntarily gives over his ID, Officer calls it in, finds out it's valid and hands back the ID. The encounter lasts 10 seconds. After the ID has been returned and defendant has left, dispatch informs the Officer that defendant's license is revoked. So, of course, when the Officer later sees defendant driving, he pulls him over and arrests him for driving while revoked. Ruling: Defendant was stopped because he could reasonably have believed he was not free to leave while the officer had his license (assuming he actuallly believed he wasn't free to leave). There was no reasonable suspicion of a crime so the stop was illegal. And, but for receiving the information from the illegal stop, the officer would not have known about the revocation and would not have pulled over the defendant. The Court rejects the trial court's reasoning that the officer was finding out whether defendant was a victim, not investigating defendant as a suspect. First, defendant didn't know why the officer was investigating him. Second, why would the officer call in the ID unless he was investigating the authenticity of the license or the existence of warrants? The Court also rejects the State's argument that the evidence (revocation) was attenuated from the illegal stop merely because the officer didn't think the evidence was significant at the time: "Although the stop by itself did not produce sufficient information to prompt Gerba to arrest defendant, the information that the stop did produce was an essential factor in his decision to arrest defendant." State v. Backstrand
Criminal Mistreatment I - withholding of necessary and adequate physical care
The Court oozes with regret in finding that a really filthy house and the presence of choking hazards is not a legally insufficient basis for Criminal Mistreatment I. Mindful that the "presence of choking hazards" part of the ruling could be used to prosecute 75% of the parents in the State, the Court sets out a nonexclusive set of criteria for determining adequate care:
"(1) The nature of the harm that the condition presents to the dependent person. For example, a hazard may be lethal (e.g., a loaded firearm within easy reach of a toddler) or merely potentially injurious (e.g., broken glass on a floor on which a teenager might cut his or her foot). In Baker-Krofft, especially given the lack of smoke alarms and obstacles to escape, fire was a lethal hazard. (2) The temporal immediacy of the harm. All other considerations being equal, the failure to address a condition that can, or will, cause harm immediately (e.g., the "present risk of fire" in Baker-Krofft, 230 Or App at 523 (emphasis added)) is more serious, and potentially culpable, than failure to address a condition that could, if not rectified in the interim, cause harm in the future. (3) The likelihood of the potential harm to the dependent person actually being realized. Again, all other considerations being equal, the greater the likelihood that the harm will occur-i.e., ranging from speculative possibility to virtual certainty-the more serious, and potentially culpable, is the failure to address the potentially hazardous condition. Thus, in Dowty, there was some possibility, however remote, that one of the young children might grab the hammer or knife on the kitchen counter and do some harm to herself or her sibling, but, apparently, there was no proof that either had ever done such a thing or was, in fact, somehow likely to do so. See Dowty, 230 Or App at 611. (4) The duration of the dependent person's exposure to the risk of harm. This consideration is not directly implicated in Baker-Krofft or Dowty-and may be a component of the likelihood of harm being realized. As an actuarial matter, in many, albeit not all, circumstances, prolonged exposure to risk enhances the likelihood of harm. Consider, for example, the differences between a toddler having ready access to a loaded firearm for five seconds, five minutes, and five hours. (5) The nature and extent of remedial/supervisory measures to mitigate the potential harm. In Baker-Krofft, we emphasized the absence of working smoke alarms, 230 Or App at 524; conversely, in Dowty, we emphasized, variously, the existence of automatic shut-off sensors on the space heaters, the childproof caps on the prescription pill bottles, and, parenthetically, the parties' dispute regarding the use (or nonuse) of a baby gate to limit access to the knives and hammer and other common, but potentially dangerous, objects in the kitchen, 230 Or App at 610-11. Similarly, presentation, by way of defense, of evidence of parents' efforts to instruct and warn their children regarding risks in the home could be probative of this consideration. State v. McCants
