OCDLA Library of Defense - Latest Case Reviews
Blog
The Inherent Flaw in the State's Antoine Demurrer Argumentby: Ryan Scott • October 10, 2025 • no comments On September 10, 2025, the Court of Appeals issued State v. Bravo-Chavez, 343 Or App 326 (2025). The issue in that case was whether the trial court abused its discretion in requiring the state to elect the specific acts upon which it would rely when notice was inadequate. Although the standard of review was an abuse of discretion, the court appeared to hold that a remedy was required.
Bravo-Chavez, 343 Or App at 339. [Bold added.] I have long thought of the issue as one of constitutional magnitude. Specifically, "A criminal defendant is entitled “to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation[.]” US Const, Amend VI. See also Or Const, Art I, § 11 (providing that a criminal defendant has the right to “demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him”) But it is also statutory. ORS 132.550(7) (providing that an indictment must include “[a] statement of the acts constituting the offense in ordinary and concise language * * * in such manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended”). Moreover, the vehicle to address a statutory violation is a demurrer.
The constitutional remedy is the same: a demurrer arguing that the indictment is not definite and certain. A "definite and certain" demurrer is the odd man out in the world of demurrers. It appears that in addition to filing the demurrer, the defendant must put in all the discovery when filing the demurrer (or the equivalent) to show that the discovery itself does not provide the missing definiteness and certainty to the allegations. But once the defendant has demonstrated that the discovery does not cure the defect, the four corners of the indictment represent the scope of what the court can consider when deciding the demurrer. And then, State v Antoine says that an alternative remedy is to make the prosecutor elect pre-trial, which would theoretically cure the lack of definiteness/certainty. However, not all elections are sufficient, and the minimal election in Bravo-Chavez did not accomplish that, and most of the charges were dismissed. The State of Oregon has taken the position that a pre-trial election is not a proper remedy, up to and including the state's petition for review at the Supreme Court. And frankly I think they're spitting into the wind on that issue. But let's assume they are correct. The state wants to argue that it should not be forced to elect when it cannot reasonably do so. And it wants to argue the courts should not grant the demurrer if the state cannot reasonably elect. But here's the problem. The court should not be allowed to consider that argument/excuse when deciding the demurrer. The facts of the case are only considered to the extent they do or do not make the allegations definite and certain. The constellation of facts that purportedly show that the state cannot meet its statutory or constitutional requirements cannot be considered when evaluating a demurrer. They could in theory be properly considered when evaluating the merits of a pre-trial election, but the state insists that a pre-trial election is not a permissible vehicle for addressing the problem. So, in sum, I recommend a demurrer first, and an election in the alternative. Make clear the demurrer is under both the statute and the state and federal constitutions. And lastly, point out to the trial judge that the state's complaints of being unable to make the allegations more definite and certain -- to the extent it relies on facts outside the indictment -- is not a proper consideration when deciding the demurrer. Putting Together a Severance Argument in Light of the New Factorsby: Ryan Scott • September 27, 2025 • no comments The Oregon Supreme Court's opinion in State v. Hernandez-Esteban is both a substantive and subtle analysis of many of the factors that play a role in severing charges for separate trials. I've listed a few considerations when you are drafting your own severance motion: (1) Even if joinder of the charges are proper, why they are joined matters and is worth litigating. This is because the bar for "substantial prejudice" is lower if the only basis for joinder is "same or similar charges" than it is for "same or similar charges" and "common scheme or plan." Hernandez-Esteban, 374 Or at 319-320("[J]oinder for “same or similar character” purposes may often begin further up the scale, closer at the outset to the threshold of “substantial prejudice” that may require “separate trials of counts or * * * other relief justice requires.”") (2) At least implicitly, the opinion suggests that joinder of sex abuse I (in this case, an unwanted kiss on the lips) is not always a "same or similar charge" as nightly touching of the buttocks and vagina over a four year period. Hernandez-Esteban, 374 Or at 324("To reiterate, the nature of the charged conduct, while possibly sufficiently similar in the nature of the crimes charged to permit joinder, was nonetheless substantially different.")
(3) "Accordingly, the requirement for a showing of case specific substantial prejudice is not meant to prohibit any consideration of general concerns; rather, it signifies that those general concerns, standing alone, will be insufficient to show substantial prejudice that could affect the fairness of the trial. In other words, consideration of those general concerns should occur within the grounding framework of the specific facts of the case and the evidence at hand." Hernandez-Esteban, 374 Or at 317. (4) A big argument in favor of substantial prejudice arising from joinder were the differences in the quality of the charges. "That is so, defendant argues, because the nature of the alleged conduct against M was not inherently sexual; the surrounding circumstances did not establish that the conduct was sexual; M was a less cogent witness whose pretrial statements were equivocal and confusing; and defendant had multiple viable defenses to M’s allegations that were not available with respect to A’s allegations." Id. at 31. Note that "viable defenses" in this case include the fact that a defense against M's allegations would be that she misconstrued the conduct at issue (a kiss) as sexual, when no such argument would have had any merit with regard to A's allegations (touching of the vagina while she slept).
Id. at 322. (5) The opinion more or less assumes without deciding that the conduct against both girls were part of a common scheme or plan, and then finds, even then, there was substantial prejudice. But to be clear, these crimes were not part of a common scheme or plan because there was no a substantial overlap of evidence. Any old case law that says otherwise has been implicitly overruled by subsequent opinions.
(6) The opinion specifically says you don't necessarily need an expert to make the observations made by the expert in this case. This is an area ripe for delicious disagreement, since the opinion covers so much ground, but if I could distill Hernandez-Esteban to a single point, it would be this:
What's missing could be the nature of the conduct. It could be the identification of the defendant. It could be the credibility of the complainant. If the other case shores up that weakness, you have substantial prejudice resulting from joinder. That's it for now. More thoughts later. The Rule of Completeness Isn't What You Think It Isby: Ryan Scott • September 21, 2025 • no comments OEC 106 provides:
Case law has made it plain that OEC 106 is not an independent basis for admission. It is generally concerned with timing. So if the state seeks to offer a portion of record -- say, a medical record -- then the defendant can offer the rest of it immediately, rather than in the defendant's case-in-chief, assuming the evidence code would allow the defendant to do so. What this means in practice is that the state will offer a portion of defendant's statement, because it is a non-hearsay statement of a party opponent, but the defendant will not be able to offer the rest of it because the defendant has no independent basis for admitting the statement. So as Brett Allin recently wrote in a petition for review, this rule would allow the state to offer the bolded part of the following statement, but not allow the defendant to offer the rest:
That is a brilliant hypothetical because it makes the importance of the issue immediately and viscerally understandable. This week, the Oregon Supreme Court granted Brett's petition for review. The case is State v. Hagenno. The case is set for oral argument March 18, 2026, at 9:00 a.m., at Willamette University College of Law, Salem, Oregon. Brett's argument is not that OEC 106 is a separate basis for admission. Rather, the rest of the statement is necessary for a non-hearsay purpose: context. It is necessary to understand the portion of the statement the state has offered. I like this argument. It's a simpler and more straightforward argument than the one I have long proposed in this type of situation, which was this: offering part of the statement misleads the jury, so unless the state offers the whole statement, it should be excluded under OEC 403. This issue comes up a lot so be ready to preserve this argument when it does. Next 20 Articles Case Reviews
Oregon Supreme Court, October 23rd, 2025by: Rankin Johnson GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS - Defendant's testimony Oregon Court of Appeals, October 22nd, 2025by: Rankin Johnson FAPA, STALKING, AND RESTRAINING ORDERS - Prohibited conduct SEARCH AND SEIZURE - Abandonment HUNTING, FISHING, AND WILDLIFE OFFENSES - Merger PROBATION CONDITIONS - Construction Oregon Court of Appeals, October 15th, 2025by: Rankin Johnson CLOSING ARGUMENT - Improper argument by prosecutor Oregon Court of Appeals, October 8th, 2025by: Rankin Johnson SEARCH AND SEIZURE - Exigent circumstances WITNESSES - Live testimony EVIDENCE - Hearsay SENTENCING - Attempts SEARCH AND SEIZURE - Inevitable discovery Oregon Court of Appeals, October 1st, 2025by: Rankin Johnson RIGHT TO SPEECH AND EXPRESSION - Content-based restrictions DEFENSES - Self-defense _________________________ |
RECENT LOD UPDATES________________________________________________ |
